There is a lack of mathematical models that can comprehensively capture and efficiently analyze the complex, multi-level interactions and thereby predict the effect of new payment systems on stakeholder decisions and system-wide outcomes. Designing effective payment systems, however, is challenging due to the complexity of the health care system with its many stakeholders and their often conflicting objectives. Payment innovations that better align incentives in health care are a promising approach to reduce health care costs and improve quality of care.
